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Uncertainty as a whole in our knowledge about reality is stressed. Redundancy as the factor to counterbalance the impact of uncertainty as a whole, is discussed and recognized in the real world. The interpretation of the quantum mechanical wave function in connection with uncertainty as a whole is put forward. The third law of thermodynamics and the principles of quantum mechanics are found to be at one, embodying the principle of the relativity of truth. Information feedback and negentropy for generating order are related, and the algorithmic approach to the definition of information contained in individual objects is mentioned.

Refers to the history of the maritime sale of goods which resulted in a bill of lading, representing goods at sea in a ship. Attempts to determine whether or not a bill of lading is a negotiable instrument if it is characterized by such words as to order or to bearer. Compares US, Greek and English law and finds that English law is not in line with US and Greek law. Refers to the English Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA) 1992. Claims that differences in law may cause some problems for international trade and mentions the European Commission’s project to examine the feasibility of electronic bills of lading.

Presents a special issue, enlisting the help of the author’s students and colleagues, focusing on age, sex, colour and disability discrimination in America. Breaks the evidence down into manageable chunks, covering: age discrimination in the workplace; discrimination against African‐Americans; sex discrimination in the workplace; same sex sexual harassment; how to investigate and prove disability discrimination; sexual harassment in the military; when the main US job‐discrimination law applies to small companies; how to investigate and prove racial discrimination; developments concerning race discrimination in the workplace; developments concerning the Equal Pay Act; developments concerning discrimination against workers with HIV or AIDS; developments concerning discrimination based on refusal of family care leave; developments concerning discrimination against gay or lesbian employees; developments concerning discrimination based on colour; how to investigate and prove discrimination concerning based on colour; developments concerning the Equal Pay Act; using statistics in employment discrimination cases; race discrimination in the workplace; developments concerning gender discrimination in the workplace; discrimination in Japanese organizations in America; discrimination in the entertainment industry; discrimination in the utility industry; understanding and effectively managing national origin discrimination; how to investigate and prove hiring discrimination based on colour; and, finally, how to investigate sexual harassment in the workplace.

Presents over sixty abstracts summarising the 1999 Employment Research Unit annual conference held at the University of Cardiff. Explores the multiple impacts of globalization on work and employment in contemporary organizations. Covers the human resource management implications of organizational responses to globalization. Examines the theoretical, methodological, empirical and comparative issues pertaining to competitiveness and the management of human resources, the impact of organisational strategies and international production on the workplace, the organization of labour markets, human resource development, cultural change in organisations, trade union responses, and trans‐national corporations. Cites many case studies showing how globalization has brought a lot of opportunities together with much change both to the employee and the employer. Considers the threats to existing cultures, structures and systems.

The purpose of this chapter is to analyse disparity in Nepal’s Higher Education sector along gender, geographical and economic dimensions. The inequality in education is analysed for indicators that relate to both access and quality of higher education. The analysis is done for two time periods for observing trends in the indicators of higher education. The chapter analyses both demand side and supply side elements of access to higher education such as availability of higher education institutions (HEIs), government budget and scholarships. Through analysis of both demand side and supply side initiatives, we show that Nepal has made impressive achievements in increasing higher education enrolment; however, this level of gross enrolment rate (GER) is not enough to graduate to middle income status by 2030. The quality of higher education is poor in terms of providing input as well as teaching/learning processes. Teachers, students, university management and politicians should take responsibility for the failing state of higher education and take necessary actions to improve the quality of higher education.

In 2014, the European Union (EU) adopted the non-financial reporting Directive (2014/95/EU) making the disclosure of certain non-financial topics mandatory for large listed companies. They are required to report on policies, actions and outcomes regarding their environmental impact, social and employee matters, impact on human rights and corruption. Denmark introduced mandatory corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting already in 2009, while Germany had no specific legislation on CSR reporting before 2017. Some authors allege that regulation positively impacts CSR reporting, while others argue that the voluntary nature of CSR reporting is essential (Romolini, Fissi, & Gori, 2014). Critics of mandatory reporting claim that non-financial reporting should develop bottom-up, as mandatory one-size-fits-all solutions are inappropriate given the differences among companies (ICC, 2015). The aim of this chapter is to evaluate the effect of legislation on reporting quality by comparing Denmark with a long tradition for mandatory reporting and Germany introducing mandatory rather recently. However, a rich body of literature exists on factors impacting CSR reporting other than legislation. These are among others: firm size, ownership structure, industrial sector and culture (Hahn & Kühnen, 2013.)

The chapter applies a content analysis of 150 CSR reports from German and Danish listed companies between 2008 and 2017 from four different industrial sectors. The chapter finds that mandatory reporting improves overall report quality by lifting the quality floor, yet, without lifting the quality ceiling. Size is important as improvements in reporting are largest in small and medium-sized companies. Companies in environmentally sensitive sectors tend to disclose more relevant environmental information than companies in less sensitive sectors. Both culture and ownership structure has a moderating effect on report quality.

Asks on whose behalf the black woman poet in the USA speaks, what type of language she uses and what audience she has. Points out that an earlier lack of tradition meant that originally white styles of language were used and aimed at the white audience. Looks at the rise of the blues era and the “blueswoman”. Considers the work of Phillis Wheatley, Alice Dunbar Nelson, Anne Spencer and Angelina Grimke together with Margaret Walker and singers such as Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith. Finally, outlines the development of a political era and the growing sexual freedom of black women and the impact their writings.

The dominating role of corporate memory/corporate culture in instituting/impeding dramatic changes is highlighted in the first‐person narrative of Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. of his tenure as IBM CEO (1993‐2002). Gerstner, who had never worked in the computer business, was brought in to rescue IBM which had lost $16 billion in three years, and half its share value in eight years in which 175,000 employees lost their jobs. “I came to see in my time at IBM that culture is not just one aspect of the game‐it is the game... [When the original environment institutionalized in the corporate culture] shifts, it becomes an enormous impediment to the institution’s ability to adapt.” To overcome the impediment, Gerstner had to employ Draconian Measures to replace/rebuild the institutional memory: [1] organizationally by ripping power out of the entrenched bureaucracy, and giving it to 12 newly‐constituted customer‐centered industries, [2] operationally by tying Pay and Promotion to IBM stock performance (instead of individual units), [3] motivationally by rewarding individuals on their accomplishment of their plans to implement the Gerstner triad: “Win, Execute, Team,” and [4] strategically by making big bets on unproven technologies of CMOS and Net work‐centered e‐business. Our Memory Management Disequilibria Dimensions (MD)2 Pro ‐ to colanalyzes the Gerstner narrative accurately.

Looks at the distinctive Australian background and the features of the national communication culture that may impact on business life as well as those of the traditional executive culture. Brings out the specifics of the Australian management style from a foreign viewpoint, looking at what differences exist compared to New Zealand, the United States and Asian countries. Concludes that Australians need to develop understanding of the global market whilst retaining their easy regard in which they are held.

Libraries must actively support humanities text files, but we must remember that to focus exclusively on texts tied to specific systems is to put ourselves in opposition to the needs of the researchers we intend to serve. A working model of the sort of system and resource provision that is appropriate is described. The system, one put in place at the University of Michigan, is the result of several years of discussions and investigation. While by no means the only model upon which to base such a service, it incorporates several features that are essential to the support of these materials: standardized, generalized data; the reliance on standards for the delivery of information; and remote use. Sidebars discuss ARTFL, a textual database; the Oxford Text Archive; InteLex; the Open Text Corporation; the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI); the machine‐readable version of the Oxford English Dictionary, 2d edition; and the Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities.